Cancer types supported through the precision oncology and KPCIRC ecosystem
Molecular considerations, biomarkers and testing questions across the disease portfolio — written to support informed conversations with a treating team.
Signature disease pages
These diseases receive extended treatment, either because their molecular landscape is particularly consequential or because their evidence base is unusually difficult to navigate.
Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is not a single disease. Receptor status and molecular subtype divide it into groups whose biology, treatment logic an…
In depthColorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer has one of the better-characterised molecular landscapes in solid oncology. Mismatch repair status, RAS and BRAF s…
In depthLung Cancer
Lung cancer is where molecular profiling most visibly changed clinical practice. In non-small cell lung cancer, a substantial propor…
In depthHead & Neck Cancer
Head and neck cancer covers several anatomical subsites whose biology differs. Human papillomavirus status in oropharyngeal cancer, …
In depthOvarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer is among the clearest examples of germline and somatic testing directly shaping the clinical conversation. Homologous…
In depthProstate Cancer
Prostate cancer spans an unusually wide clinical range, from indolent disease appropriately managed by surveillance to aggressive me…
In depthLeukaemia
Leukaemia classification is molecular in a way few solid tumours are. Cytogenetics and molecular findings define disease entities, d…
In depthLymphoma
Lymphoma comprises many distinct diseases sharing a lymphoid origin. Accurate pathological classification is the single most consequ…
In depthBrain Tumours
Central nervous system tumour classification is now explicitly integrated: molecular features sit alongside histology in defining th…
In depthSarcoma
Sarcoma is not one disease but a collection of more than a hundred subtypes, many of them individually rare. Subtype identification …
In depthCancer of Unknown Primary
In cancer of unknown primary, metastatic disease is confirmed but the site of origin is not established after standard evaluation. W…
In depthRare Tumours
Rare cancers are not under-studied versions of common cancers. Collectively they account for a substantial share of all cancer, yet …
In depthHaematological Malignancies
Haematological malignancies are defined molecularly to a greater degree than most solid tumours. Cytogenetic and molecular findings …
In depthNeuro-Oncology
Neuro-oncology covers primary central nervous system tumours, central nervous system metastases and the neurological complications o…
All cancer types
Sixty-eight disease pages, each covering molecular considerations, biomarkers, testing questions, single-cell and computational routes, and the decisions they bear on.
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Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is not a single disease. Receptor status and molecular subtype divide it into groups whose bio…
Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer has one of the better-characterised molecular landscapes in solid oncology. Mismatch repai…
Gastric Cancer
Gastric cancer is molecularly heterogeneous, and several of its subgroups — including Epstein–Barr virus ass…
Oesophageal Cancer
Oesophageal cancer separates into squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, which differ in risk factors, …
Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma has a well-described but largely undruggable core mutational landscape. The…
Liver Cancer
Hepatocellular carcinoma usually arises in a liver already affected by chronic disease, so liver function an…
Biliary Tract Cancer
Biliary tract cancers are uncommon and molecularly notable: a meaningful proportion carry alterations that a…
Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is where molecular profiling most visibly changed clinical practice. In non-small cell lung canc…
Thoracic Malignancies
Beyond lung carcinoma, thoracic oncology includes mesothelioma, thymic tumours and mediastinal malignancies …
Head & Neck Cancer
Head and neck cancer covers several anatomical subsites whose biology differs. Human papillomavirus status i…
Oral Cancer
Oral cavity cancer is a major disease burden in South Asia, with a risk factor profile — including tobacco a…
Tongue Cancer
Tongue cancer is treated as a distinct entity within oral cavity disease because of its anatomy, its pattern…
Laryngeal Cancer
Laryngeal cancer decisions weigh disease control against laryngeal function, which makes precise subsite and…
Pharyngeal Cancer
Pharyngeal cancers span the nasopharynx, oropharynx and hypopharynx — three regions with markedly different …
Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer is among the clearest examples of germline and somatic testing directly shaping the clinical …
Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer is overwhelmingly associated with persistent high-risk human papillomavirus infection, which…
Endometrial / Uterine Cancer
Endometrial cancer has been substantially reorganised by molecular classification, which separates it into g…
Vulvar Cancer
Vulvar cancer is uncommon and follows two broad aetiological routes: HPV-associated disease and disease aris…
Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer spans an unusually wide clinical range, from indolent disease appropriately managed by surve…
Bladder Cancer
Urothelial cancer is divided by depth of invasion, and this division governs the entire management discussio…
Kidney Cancer
Renal cell carcinoma comprises histological subtypes with distinct biology. Clear cell disease dominates num…
Testicular Cancer
Testicular germ cell tumours are notable for their sensitivity to systemic therapy and for the central role …
Leukaemia
Leukaemia classification is molecular in a way few solid tumours are. Cytogenetics and molecular findings de…
Lymphoma
Lymphoma comprises many distinct diseases sharing a lymphoid origin. Accurate pathological classification is…
Multiple Myeloma
Myeloma risk stratification rests substantially on cytogenetics. High-risk lesions identify disease that beh…
Brain Tumours
Central nervous system tumour classification is now explicitly integrated: molecular features sit alongside …
CNS Tumours
Central nervous system tumours beyond the principal gliomas include spinal cord tumours, pituitary and pinea…
Sarcoma
Sarcoma is not one disease but a collection of more than a hundred subtypes, many of them individually rare.…
Bone Tumours
Primary bone tumours are rare and predominantly affect younger patients. Multidisciplinary management at a s…
Soft Tissue Sarcoma
Soft tissue sarcomas span many histological subtypes whose natural history and treatment sensitivity differ …
Melanoma
Melanoma was among the first solid tumours where molecular status directly restructured treatment discussion…
Skin Cancer
Non-melanoma skin cancer is the most common malignancy overall. Most is managed straightforwardly; the discu…
Thyroid Cancer
Most differentiated thyroid cancer has an excellent outlook, and the principal risk in discussion is over-tr…
Endocrine Malignancies
Endocrine malignancies beyond the thyroid include adrenocortical carcinoma, neuroendocrine tumours, phaeochr…
Paediatric Cancers
Paediatric cancers differ from adult cancers biologically, not merely in the age of the patient. They genera…
Cancer of Unknown Primary
In cancer of unknown primary, metastatic disease is confirmed but the site of origin is not established afte…
Rare Tumours
Rare cancers are not under-studied versions of common cancers. Collectively they account for a substantial s…
Gastrointestinal & Hepatobiliary Cancer
Gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary cancers form a group spanning the oesophagus to the anus, together with t…
Genitourinary Cancer
Genitourinary oncology covers the prostate, bladder, kidney, testis and penis — diseases whose biology and t…
Gynaecologic Cancers
Gynaecologic oncology covers ovarian, endometrial, cervical, vulvar and vaginal cancer. Germline and molecul…
Haematological Malignancies
Haematological malignancies are defined molecularly to a greater degree than most solid tumours. Cytogenetic…
Neuro-Oncology
Neuro-oncology covers primary central nervous system tumours, central nervous system metastases and the neur…
Anal Cancer
Anal cancer is strongly associated with persistent human papillomavirus infection and is managed quite diffe…
Small Bowel Cancer
Small bowel adenocarcinoma is uncommon and often diagnosed late because its symptoms are non-specific. Its m…
Appendiceal Cancer
Appendiceal tumours are rare, frequently found incidentally at appendicectomy, and span a wide behavioural r…
Neuroendocrine Tumours
Neuroendocrine tumours span an unusually wide range of behaviour, from indolent well-differentiated tumours …
Mesothelioma
Mesothelioma arises from the mesothelial lining, most often the pleura, and is strongly associated with prio…
Thymoma & Thymic Carcinoma
Thymic epithelial tumours are rare, and thymoma and thymic carcinoma differ substantially in behaviour. Thym…
Salivary Gland Cancer
Salivary gland tumours comprise many histological entities with markedly different behaviour, several define…
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is distinct from other head and neck cancers in aetiology, geography and biology. I…
Vaginal Cancer
Primary vaginal cancer is rare. Most malignancy found in the vagina is secondary spread from another site, s…
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
Gestational trophoblastic disease arises from placental tissue and is unusual in oncology for being highly c…
Penile Cancer
Penile cancer is uncommon in most of the world but carries a higher incidence in parts of South Asia, South …
Acute Myeloid Leukaemia
Acute myeloid leukaemia is classified and risk-stratified molecularly. Cytogenetic and molecular findings ar…
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia is often indolent and, for many patients, is observed rather than treated for …
Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Myelodysplastic syndromes are clonal marrow disorders producing ineffective blood production, with a risk of…
Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
Myeloproliferative neoplasms are clonal disorders producing an excess of mature blood cells. They are define…
Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma is now defined as an IDH-wildtype tumour, with IDH-mutant tumours reclassified as astrocytoma. …
Meningioma
Meningiomas are the most common primary central nervous system tumour and are usually benign, though grade a…
Uveal Melanoma
Uveal melanoma arises in the eye and is molecularly distinct from cutaneous melanoma. It does not carry BRAF…
Merkel Cell Carcinoma
Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare, aggressive neuroendocrine skin cancer. It arises through two distinct route…
Adrenocortical Carcinoma
Adrenocortical carcinoma is rare and frequently aggressive. Many of these tumours are hormonally active, so …
Parathyroid Carcinoma
Parathyroid carcinoma is very rare and typically presents with severe hypercalcaemia. Distinguishing it from…
Neuroblastoma
Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumour of childhood and is notable for an exceptionally …
Wilms Tumour
Wilms tumour is the most common kidney cancer of childhood and one of the clearest successes of collaborativ…
Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma is the most common eye cancer of childhood and is defined by alteration of the RB1 gene. Arou…
Peritoneal Surface Malignancy
Peritoneal surface malignancy covers disease involving the peritoneal lining, whether arising there primaril…
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumour
Gastrointestinal stromal tumour is the most common mesenchymal tumour of the gastrointestinal tract, and one…
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